Drivers Compal Input Devices

16-04-2021

Drivers Compal Input Devices

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The driver for the Xbox Common Controller class (XUSB) on Windows implements the kernel-mode interface for the XINPUT DLL. To provide a good experience for legacy titles that use the DirectInput API with the common controller device, the driver also exports a Human Interface Device (HID) class interface, which is picked up by DirectInput. We chose the mapping of XUSB to HID based on typical behavior in a set of gaming applications for the original XINPUT version, and we updated the mapping for newer subtypes. This topic describes the mapping.

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I'm assuming your USB devices simply register as Human Interface Devices and sent their output to any application that is currently in focus. If that is the case, this is not trivial. Windows will merge all keyboard inputs into one input stream, there's usually no way to distinguish from which keyboard (or keyboard-like device) the input came.
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Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to.

Human Interface Device (HID)

HID standard is a standard from the Universal Serial Bus (USB) committee originally proposed by Microsoft to generalize protocols for input devices. It consists of a byte-code description language and can express gamepads, mice, joysticks, throttle and rudder controls, and multi-axis controllers. Because this standard is so generalized, you might have difficulty writing software that consumes input from arbitrary devices. Therefore, for the game-centric DirectInput API, we developed a specific sub-mapping of types to encourage hardware manufactures to support through their drivers.

Important

You can also access HID input devices via RawInput API and process input reports via low level HID API but vibration feedback will not work as with DirectInput.

Mappings

The XUSB driver implements both an XUSB class interface and a HID class interface for devices in order to support both XINPUT and DirectInput usage. This mapping is based on the XUSB subtype information. The driver implements four distinct groups of mappings.

XUSB Subtype	Mapping
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_GAMEPAD (Subtype 1)	Gamepad
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_WHEEL (Subtype 2)	Wheel
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_ARCADE_STICK (Subtype 3)	Arcade Stick/Arcade Pad
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_FLIGHT_STICK (Subtype 4)	Flight Stick
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_DANCE_PAD (Subtype 5)	Default for any new subtype
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_GUITAR (Subtype 6)	Guitar
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_GUITAR_ALTERNATE (Subtype 7)
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_DRUM_KIT (Subtype 8)
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_GUITAR_BASS (Subtype 11)
XINPUT_DEVSUBTYPE_ARCADE_PAD (Subtype 19)

Note

The following HID mappings are static. This means that even if the device capabilities report indicates that a particular button or axis is not supported, the mapping will still include it but will always report an off state or center value.

Gamepad

This is the default mapping and is designed around the standard Xbox Common Controller gamepad, and is exposed as a Gamepad HID usage type.

Control	HID Usage Name	Usage Page	Usage ID
Left Stick	X, Y	0x01	0x30, 0x31
Right Stick	Rx, Ry	0x01	0x33, 0x34
Left Trigger + Right Trigger	Z*	0x01	0x32
D-Pad Up, Down, Left, Right	Hat Switch	0x01	0x39
A	Button 1	0x09	0x01
B	Button 2	0x09	0x02
X	Button 3	0x09	0x03
Y	Button 4	0x09	0x04
LB (left bumper)	Button 5	0x09	0x05
RB (right bumper)	Button 6	0x09	0x06
BACK	Button 7	0x09	0x07
START	Button 8	0x09	0x08
LSB (left stick button)	Button 9	0x09	0x09
RSB (right stick button)	Button 10	0x09	0x0A

Note

(*): This is combined so that Z exhibits the centering behavior expected by most titles for rotation; this does mean it is not possible to see all possible trigger combination values through DirectInput and HID.

Arcade Stick/Arcade Pad

This is the mapping designed around the Arcade Stick controller, and is exposed as a Gamepad HID usage type. The Arcade Pad is very much like an Arcade Stick, but in a smaller form-factor. These designs replace the analog Left Trigger and Right Trigger with digital buttons that report the minimum and maximum axis value.

Control	HID Usage Name	Usage Page	Usage ID
D-Pad Up, Down, Left, Right	Hat Switch	0x01	0x39
A	Button 1	0x09	0x01
B	Button 2	0x09	0x02
X	Button 3	0x09	0x03
Y	Button 4	0x09	0x04
LB (left bumper)	Button 5	0x09	0x05
RB (right bumper)	Button 6	0x09	0x06
BACK	Button 7	0x09	0x07
START	Button 8	0x09	0x08
Left Trigger	Button 9	0x09	0x09
Right Trigger	Button 10	0x09	0x0A

These devices may or may not support additional controls, but these are not exposed by the HID mapping: Left Stick, Right Stick, LSB (left stick button), and RSB (right stick button).

Wheel

This mapping is designed around the Xbox Racing Wheel, and is exposed as a Gamepad HID usage type.

Control	HID Usage Name	Usage Page	Usage ID
Wheel (Left Stick X)	X	0x01	0x30
Accelerator Pedal (Right Trigger) + Brake Pedal (Left Trigger)	Z*	0x01	0x32
D-Pad Up, Down, Left, Right	Hat Switch	0x01	0x39
A	Button 1	0x09	0x01
B	Button 2	0x09	0x02
X	Button 3	0x09	0x03
Y	Button 4	0x09	0x04
LB (left bumper)	Button 5	0x09	0x05
RB (right bumper)	Button 6	0x09	0x06
LSB (left stick button)	Button 7	0x09	0x07
RSB (right stick button)	Button 8	0x09	0x08
BACK	Button 9	0x09	0x09
START	Button 10	0x09	0x0A

Note

(*): This is combined so that Z exhibits the centering behavior expected by most titles for the brake and accelerator controls; this does mean it is not possible to see all possible pedal combination values through DirectInput.

Flight Stick

This mapping is designed around the Xbox Flight Stick, and is exposed as a Joystick HID usage type.

Control	Usage Name	Usage Page	Usage ID
Flight Stick (Left Stick)	X, Y	0x01	0x30, 0x31
POV Hat (Right Stick)	Rx, Ry	0x01	0x33, 0x34
Throttle (Right Trigger)	Z	0x01	0x32
Rudder (Left Trigger)	Rz	0x01	0x35
D-Pad Up, Down, Left, Right	Hat Switch	0x01	0x39
Primary Weapon (A)	Button 1	0x09	0x01
Secondary Weapon (B)	Button 2	0x09	0x02
X	Button 3	0x09	0x03
Y	Button 4	0x09	0x04
LB (left bumper)	Button 5	0x09	0x05
RB (right bumper)	Button 6	0x09	0x06
BACK	Button 7	0x09	0x07
START	Button 8	0x09	0x08
LSB (left stick button)	Button 9	0x09	0x09
RSB (right stick button)	Button 10	0x09	0x0A

Note

This is based on the final Flight Stick design. Because this differs from early Flight Stick definitions, many devices have a mode switch that supports the old versus new model. This mapping assumes the new model.

Peripheral

A peripheral is a “device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer.”^[1]

There are three different types of peripherals:

Input, used to interact with, or send data to the computer (mouse, keyboards, etc.)
Output, which provides output to the user from the computer (monitors, printers, etc.)
Storage, which stores data processed by the computer (hard drives, flash drives, etc.)

Overview

A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a computer mouse or keyboard, that connects to and works with the computer in some way. Other examples of peripherals are expansion cards, graphics cards, image scanners, tape drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras. RAM—random access memory—straddles the line between peripheral and primary component; it is technically a storage peripheral, but is required for every major function of a modern computer and removing the RAM will effectively disable any modern machine. Many new devices such as digital watches, smartphones and tablet computers have interfaces which allow them to be used as a peripheral by a full computer, though they are not host-dependent as other peripheral devices are. According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a computer notconsidered to be peripherals are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard, and computer case.

Usually, the word peripheral is used to refer to a device external to the computer case, like a scanner, but the devices located inside the computer case are also technically peripherals. Devices that exist outside the computer case are called external peripherals, or auxiliary components, Examples are: “Many of the external peripherals I own, such as my scanner and printer, connect to the peripheral ports on the back of my computer.”^[2] Devices that are inside the case such as internal hard drives or CD-ROM drives are also peripherals in technical terms and are called internal peripherals, but may not be recognized as peripherals by laypeople.

In a system on a chip, peripherals are incorporated into the same integrated circuit as the central processing unit. They are still referred to as “peripherals” despite being permanently attached to (and in some sense part of) their host processor.

Common Peripherals

Input
- Keyboard
- Computer mouse
- Graphic tablet
- Touchscreen
- Barcode reader
- Image scanner
- Microphone
- Webcam
- Game controller
- Light pen
- Scanner
- Digital camera
Output
- Computer display
- Printer
- Projector
- Speaker
Storage devices
- Floppy disk drive
- Flash drive
- Disk drive
- Smartphone or Tablet computer storage interface
- CD/DVD drive
Input/Output
- Modem
- Network interface controller (NIC)

Input Devices

In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Many input devices can be classified according to:

modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse’s position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)

Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, can further be classified according to:

Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.
Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be either absolute or relative. For example, digitizing graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a touchpad, where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Input and output devices make up the hardware interface between a computer and a scanner or 6DOF controller.

Keyboards

A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. They act as the main text entry interface for most users. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is typewriter like device composed of a matrix of switches.

Examples of types of keyboards include:

Keyer
Keyboard
Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK)

Pointing Devices

A computer mouse

Pointing devices are the most commonly used input devices today. A pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. In the case of mice and touchpads, this is usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical surface. Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by reporting their angle of deflection. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer’s graphical user interface (GUI).

Composite Devices

Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physical device that could be thought of as a composite device. Many gaming devices have controllers like this. Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons for clicking, but composite devices are generally considered to have more than two different forms of input.

Game controller
Gamepad (or joypad)
Paddle (game controller)
Jog dial/shuttle (or knob)
Wii Remote

Compal Drivers

Imaging and Input Devices

Microsoft Kinect sensor

Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.

Digital camera
Digital camcorder
Portable media player
Webcam
Microsoft Kinect Sensor
Image scanner
Fingerprint scanner
Barcode reader
3D scanner
Laser rangefinder
Eye gaze tracker

Medical Imaging

Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
Medical ultrasonography

Audio Input Devices

Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound.

Microphones
MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.^[3]^[4]

Display Devices

A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copybecause the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions.^[5]

Input/Output

Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

There are many input and output devices such as multifunction printers and computer-based navigation systems that are used for specialised or unique applications.^[6] In computing, input/output refers to the communication between aninformation processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

Examples

These examples of output devices also include input/output devices.^[7]^[8] Printers and visual displays are the most common type of output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly available.^[9]

Speakers
Headphones
Screen (Monitor)
Printer
Voice output communication aid
Automotive navigation system
Braille embosser
Projector
Plotter
Television
Radio

Computer Memory

In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store information for use in a computer. The term primary memory is used for storage systems which function at high-speed (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which provides program and data storage that is slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. If needed, primary memory can be stored in secondary memory, through a memory management technique called “virtual memory.” An archaic synonym for memory is store.^[10]

Volatile Memory

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. Most modernsemiconductor volatile memory is either Static RAM (see SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM). SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to interface to but uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost. However, DRAM uses only one transistor and a capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and, with more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper per bit. SRAM is not worthwhile for desktop system memory, where DRAM dominates, but is used for their cache memories. SRAM is commonplace in small embedded systems, which might only need tens of kilobytes or less. Forthcoming volatile memory technologies that hope to replace or compete with SRAM and DRAM include Z-RAM, TTRAM, A-RAM and ETA RAM.

Non-Volatile Memory